String Interpolation in Swift

Ans : 

String interpolation means creating string from mix of constants, variables, literals, expressions.

let length:Float = 3.14
var breadth = 10
var myString = "Area of a rectangle is length*breadth"
print(myString)
myString = "\(myString) i.e. = \(length)*\(breadth)"
print(myString)

Output :

Area of a rectangle is length*breadth
Area of a rectangle is length*breadth i.e. = 3.14*10

Another way of string interpolcation in Swift :

Use the Swift String initializer:
String(format: <#String#>, arguments: <#[CVarArgType]#>)

For example: let stringFromNumber = String(format: "%.2f", number)

Swift 5.0 has super powerful string interpolation : 

1. Normal custom String interpolation

Code for Example :

Using the new string interpolation system in Swift 5.0 we can extend String.StringInterpolation to add our own custom interpolations

extension String.StringInterpolation {
    mutating func appendInterpolation(_ number: Int) {
        let formatter = NumberFormatter()
        formatter.numberStyle = .spellOut

        if let result = formatter.string(from: number as NSNumber) {
            appendLiteral(result)
        }
    }
}

Use : print("My age is \(age).")
Output : My age is twenty nine.
Above custom interpolation tells to convert integer to word.

Amazing....hua.....


We can also write above function as following :

mutating func appendInterpolation(format number: Int) {

So, we can use like : print("Hi, I'm \(format: age)."). So there will be no confusion between default interpolation and custom interpolation.

2. String interpolation with parameters. : 

mutating func appendInterpolation(linkedin: String) {
    appendLiteral("<a href=\"https://linkedin.com/in/\(linkedin)\">@\(linkedin)</a>")}

output :
"You should follow me on linkedin : <a href="https://linkedin.com/in/twostraws">@twostraws</a>.\n"

We can also pass multiple parameters.

3. We can pass auto closure as parameter :

extension String.StringInterpolation {

    mutating func appendInterpolation(_ values: [String], empty defaultValue: String) {

        if values.count == 0 {

            appendLiteral(defaultValue())

        } else {

            appendLiteral(values.joined(separator: ", "))

        }

    }

}

let names  = [String]()

print("Crew: \(names, empty: "None").")

Using @autoclosure means that we can use simple values or call complex functions for the default value. Here defaultValue() function called for set default value.

extension String.StringInterpolation {
    mutating func appendInterpolation(if condition: @autoclosure () -> Bool, _ literal: StringLiteralType) {
        guard condition() else { return }
        appendLiteral(literal)
    }
}

let amIiOSDeveloper = true
print("Swift rocks: \(if: amIiOSDeveloper, "(*)")")
print("Swift rocks \(amIiOSDeveloper ? "(*)" : "")")

Normally we use 2nd print option at above. But due to custom string interpolation, we can directly use 1st print option.


4. String interpolation with custom type (class or struct)

struct Employee {
    var name: String
    var designation: String
}

extension String.StringInterpolation {
    mutating func appendInterpolation(_ emp: Employee) {
        appendLiteral("I am \(amp.name) and my designation is \(amp.designation).")
    }
}

let manan = Employee(name: "Manan", designation: "Senior Software Engineer")
print("\(manan)")

Print("\(manan)") gives output as :

I am Manan and my designation is Senior Software Engineer.

if we use print(manan) then it gives class debug description because here no string interpolation used.

Awesome...
Thanks Swift 5.0...

If you have any comment, question, or recommendation, feel free to post them in the comment section below!  

Difference between Cocoa and Cocoa Touch

And : 

Application Framework For
i) Cocoa is the application framework for Mac OS X.
ii) Cocoa Touch is the application framework for iPhone and iPod Touch.

Frameworks
i) Cocoa: Foundation and AppKit.
ii) Cocoa Touch: Foundation and UIKit

Absence of certain classes
Cocoa has NSHost and Cocoa Touch doesn't

API
i) Cocoa: All the classes used in Cocoa have the NS prefix Ex: NSTextField
ii) Cocoa Touch: classes used in Cocoa have the UI prefix Ex: UITextField

MVC patterns
i) Cocoa: Cocoa has multiple alternative design patterns – in addition to MVC
ii) Cocoa Touch: The iPhone SDK has a reinforced MVC system, which performs better than the default MVC in Cocoa

Other Differences
There Are also Differences In App Lifecycle, Sandboxing ,Memory Footprint

Difference between POP and OOP

Ans : 

POP - Protocol oriented programming
OOP - Object oriented programming

Swift has both power. POP has more advanced features having object oriented feature itself.

Base class of different class or views

Ans :

Base class of

UITableView : UIScrollView : UIView : UIResponder : NSObject
UIButton : UIControl : UIView : UIResponder : NSObject
NSObject : It is top most super class in swift. NSObject class confirm NSObject protocol.

Q : Is it compulsory to mention NSObject in swift inheritance?
A : No. Any class which is not inheriting any other class have NSObject as super class by default.

How to handle error in Swift?

Ans : 

Error Protocol is just a type for representing error values that can be thrown.

Lets declare our custom error enum by confirming Error protocol.

enum UserDetailError: Error {
        case noValidName
        case noValidAge
}

Now we make one function that throw our error type.

func userTest(age: Int, name: String) throws {
    
    guard age > 0 else {
           throw UserDetailError.noValidAge
    }
    
    guard name.count > 0 else {
           throw UserDetailError.noValidName
    }
}

In function signature, throws keyword is used and in function throw keyword is used to throw error.

Now we cal our function userTest that can throw error.

do{
       try userTest(age: -1, name: "")
}
catch UserDetailError.noValidName
{
        print("The name isn't valid")
}
catch UserDetailError.noValidAge
{
         print("The age isn't valid")
}
catch let error {
          print("Unspecified Error: \(error)")
}

Swift try, try? and try! 

• Swift try is the most basic way of dealing with functions that can throw errors. try is only used within a do-catch block. However, try? and try! can be used without it.
• try? is used to handle errors by converting the error into an optional value. This way if an error occurs, the function would return a nil and we known Optionals can be nil in Swift. Hence for try? you can get rid of do-catch block. 
• try! is used to assert that the error won’t occur. Should be only used when you’re absolutely sure that the function won’t throw an error. Like try?, try! works without a do-catch block.

var t1 = try? Student(name: nil)

var t2 = try! Student(name: "Anupam")